Cress seeds investigation Essay Example for Free

Cress seeds investigation Essay Test tube 6: Number germinated: 0/10 Height of seedlings: 0 I then took the averages of the height of the seedlings in each test tube. Average height in test tube 1: 49. 9mm Average height in test tube 2: 45. 25mm Average height in test tube 3: 9. 9mm Average height in test tube 4: 11. 5mm Average height in test tube 5: 5. 8mm Average height in test tube 6: 0mm This is a graph to show the average height of the seedlings in each test tube: OBSERVATIONS: Test tube number 1 contained the cress seedlings that had grown the best. This was the control test tube, and had no acid in it. The cress in this test tube was a healthy green colour, and was almost perfectly straight. The cress seedlings were the worst in test tube number 5. This tube contained 4 drops of acid, and the cress in it had hardly grown at all. It was a pale, sickly green colour, and very short. The leaves drooped down, and the roots were very short. Although test tube number 6 contained the most acid, the seedlings in this did not grow at all. I also took results from another group, who had conducted the same investigation as me. Their results are as follows: Test tube 1: Number germinated: 9/13. Height of seedlings: 1 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 3 ; 10 ; 22 ; 34 ; 34 Test tube 2: Number germinated: 10/13 Height of seedlings: 4 ; 5 ; 8 ; 14 ; 15 ; 15 ; 22 ; 24 ; 25 ; 33 Test tube 3: Number germinated: 12/13 Height of seedlings: 1 ; 4 ; 4 ; 5 ; 9 ; 10 ; 12 ; 12 ; 14 ; 14 ; 16 ; 16 Test tube 4: Number germinated: 0/13 Height of seedlings: 0 Test tube 5: Number germinated: 0/13 Height of seedlings: 0 Test tube 6: Number germinated: 8/13 Height of seedlings: 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 3 ; 4 ; 4 ; 5 ; 5 Average height in test tube 1: 12. 2mm Average height in test tube 2: 16. 5mm Average height in test tube 3: 9. 8mm Average height in test tube 4: 0mm Average height in test tube 5: 0mm Average height in test tube 6: 3. 4mm This graph shows the average height of the seedlings in each test tube belonging to the other group: This graph shows the average height of both the other groups seedlings and mine. ANALYSIS: From my results I can tell that the more sulphuric acid the cress was grown in, the less the seedlings grew. For example, in my investigation, the cress in the control test tube grew to an average of 49. 9mm, whereas in the test tube with 5 drops of acid, the cress did not grow at all. In both mine and the other groups results, the average height of the seedlings went up slightly in one test tube the other groups by 6. 7mm in test tube 3, and mine by 1. mm in test tube 4. CONCLUSION: From this investigation I have drawn the conclusion that acid rain does indeed affect plant growth. My seedlings grew best in the control test tube, and the worst in the tube that contained the most acid. In the control test tube, the seedlings had long roots, whereas in the test tube with 5 drops of acid, the roots were weak and very short. This shows that the acid had affected the way the cress seeds had germinated, and had eaten away at the roots of the seedlings. My results support the original prediction that I made. I said that the cress would grow best in the control test tube, and as the results show, it did. I also said that the test tube containing the most acid would produce the worst seedlings, which was also correct. EVALUATING EVIDENCE: My results were not completely accurate. Although the basic trend showed that the more acid the seedlings were put in, the less they grew, my average heights went up slightly when, theoretically, they should have gone down. For example, they went up from 9. 9mm to 11. 5mm, and then down again to 5. 4mm. Therefore, the graph that I drew does not have a completely accurate curve. This is also true for the other set of results that I gathered. I could improve the accuracy of this investigation by doing several things differently. I could use more test tubes, giving me a wider range of results, and I could also use a smaller amount of acid per test tube for example, I could increase the acid by . 5 of a drop per tube. This would give me more accurate results. Because my results were slightly anomalous, they are not sufficient enough to support a firm conclusion. Because the results did not follow a set pattern, they are not entirely reliable. To improve on this, and make my results more accurate, I could be very meticulous when measuring out the acid, and also make sure that I treat all the test tubes equally. I feel that this investigation went quite well although my results could have been slightly more accurate.

Serious Trauma :: Narrative Memoir Essays

Serious Trauma On a boring Wednesday afternoon, I sat in a brightly lit CPR classroom listening to the instructor drone on and on. I began to wonder if I would ever actually need to use these skills. I highly doubted it. The past two years I have worked at the "little-kid-infested" North Fork Swimming Pool, where there have been absolutely no emergencies. A bloody nose or a stubbed toe here or there but never any serious traumas. These skills that I thought were so useless were put to the test on a chilly Tuesday night in March. The evening started out normal enough, tennis practice and little bit of sparring in Tang So Doo class. That night the instrumental solo and ensemble contest was being held at HHS. Even though I am not a member of the band, I was asked to help out. I was involved in a saxophone quartet with Nolan Cmerek, Mandy Bever and Haley Benson. The four of us warmed up together and patiently waited for our time to come. Distracting us from the complete boredom we were experiencing, a few boys who had watched Louise and I spar in Tang So Doo, engaged in a dunking contest in the gym. The object of this game, as made by Gates and Tyler Shaklee, the "basketball stars", was to run, jump on a plyo box, and dunk the ball in the basketball hoop, suspended from the gym ceiling. This was amusing to us, the spectators. One particular spectator thought he would join in the fun. The third contestant, Jim Pratt, made his first attempt but lost his grip and fell onto the gym floor on his stomach knocking the air out of him. He got up holding his stomach, gasping for air, and laughing at himself at the same time. The small crowd joined in laughing with him. Nobody wants to try, fail and just quit, so naturally, Jim wanted to try again. Many of the cautious few in the audience expressed their doubts as to whether he should try it again. Jim, having the competitive nature I am sure that all teenage boys possess, attempted to dunk the round orange ball one more time. His second attempt was again a failure but of a different and more serious type. The momentum of Jim’s feet kept going as he grasped the rim. This motion swung him upside down forcing him to lose his grip and fall ten very long feet.

Alice McGaw: “Mother of Anesthesia”

Nurses were the first professional group to practice anesthesia services in the United States. This started 125 years ago and little was known about anesthesia back then. One of the most famous nurse anesthetists was Alice McGraw. She was to be given the name â€Å"Mother of Anesthesia† for her expert application of anesthesia during surgery and her many published works regarding the procedure. Nurse anesthetists were pioneers in their field. Surgeons began seeking them out to help with anesthesia during surgery because they could provide undivided attention to the patient.The earliest records establish the beginning of nurse anesthetists in 1887. Since then, they have been instrumental in continuing improve anesthetic techniques and equipment. Although formal education for nurse anesthetists was not made available until 1909, it is the earlier nurse anesthetists who paved the way for safe anesthesia and opened door to this specialty for nurses. Patients reported less discomfo rt and the surgeons reported fewer deaths due to trauma during operations.Currently Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA) are licensed professional nurses who go through extensive training after receiving their Registered Nurse (RN) degree. This is considered a specialized field and requires nurses to become board certified through a state exam before being able to practice as a CRNA. The purpose of this study was to inform and educate about the women in nursing who lead the way in development and application of anesthesia. Alice McGaw is little known to mainstream society and yet she provided some of the most comprehensive studies to this profession.She also spent her life as a practicing nurse anesthetist and earned the title â€Å"Mother of Anesthesia† Alice McGaw is known as the â€Å"Mother of Anesthesia†, a title given her by Dr. Charles Mayo. She was born in 1860 and little else can be found regarding her upbringing or schooling prior to 1893. It was in this year that she became the nurse anesthetist to Drs William J. and Charles H. Mayo of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Nursing anesthesia was the first clinical nursing specialty and in the beginning consisted of predominately women.Factors attributing to this were low wages, most nurses were female and it was considered to be a deferential position with the surgeon in charge of it all. Before the inclusion of nurse anesthetists in surgical procedures, most anesthesias had been administered by medical students or physicians with little or no anesthesia training. During the Civil War (1861-1865) anesthesia was used on the wounded but very little because it was considered too dangerous. It was not until 1878 that the first â€Å"official† nurse anesthetist came into being.The first school of nursing anesthesia was not formed until 1909. Surgeons began seeking nurse anesthetists to try to decrease the mortality numbers and because nurses could focus their entire atte ntion on the patient rather than on the operation. Anesthesia evolved differently in Europe and the United States. Chloroform was the preferred choice in Europe and ether the preference in the United States. One of Alice McGaw’s major accomplishments was her expertise in the open drop inhalation method of anesthesia using a combination of ether and chloroform.It was this expertise that earned her the title â€Å"Mother of Anesthesia†. She perfected this method while working for Dr. Charles Mayo and it was he who gave her this moniker. McGaw was also very concerned with the patient’s mental state prior to surgery. She believed that the patient should be prepared with soothing words before being anesthetized. She refined a technique that prepared the patient mentally so as to increase the effectiveness of the anesthesia It was this technique that lead to a decrease in mid-operative anesthesia being required.It was in 1899 that Alice McGaw published the first paper ever written by a nurse anesthetist based on her work in nursing anesthesia. The paper was titled â€Å"Observations in Anesthesia† and was published in the Northwestern Lancet. Alice McGaw went on to publish five papers total on the subject of nurse anesthesia. The paper in 1906 published in Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics was titled â€Å"A Review of 14,000 Surgical Anesthetics†. It noted that in the 14,000 surgical procedures for which she had been the anesthetist, there had been no complications or deaths attributed to problems with the anesthetic or its application.This was a milestone in the field of nursing anesthesia. . During the time that McGaw was the nurse anesthetist for Drs. William J. and Charles H. Mayo, she and Dr. Charles Mayo set up a showcase for surgery and anesthesia. This showcase attracted students from all over the world. This was not formal training but encouraged many students to implement McGaw’s technique with anesthesia. St. Mar y’s Hospital, where McGaw was the nurse anesthetist for the Mayo brothers later became the world famous Mayo Clinic. McGaw worked for Drs. William J. and Charles H.Mayo from 1893-1908. Between 1912 and 1920, almost 20 post graduate schools for nurse anesthesia opened. The Mayo Clinic was among one of those offering the program. It was McGraw’s early work that helped to achieve the success of the nurse anesthetist and its subsequent training programs. She and other like her pioneered the field of nurse anesthesia. Previously physicians were 95 percent male and nursing was not a specialized field. This changed with the addition of the nurse anesthetist. Nurse Anesthetists today are Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA).These are licensed professional nurses (RNs) who want o specialize in anesthesia. They are required to take extensive training and must be board certified by exam before being able to provide services to patients and surgeons. In 1931 the National Association of Nurse Anesthetists (NANA) was formed. It would later become the American Association of Nursing Anesthetists (AANA). It was the first national organization for practicing anesthetists and still exists today. In 1986, the Clinical Anesthesia Practitioner Award was established by the AANA.This award was to recognize the accomplishments of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists who have made important contributions to the advancement of nurse anesthesia. In 1998 this award became the Alice McGaw Outstanding Clinical Practitioner Award to honor McGaws achievements as a nurse anesthetist and for her publications on her work. Without Alice McGaw, nursing anesthesia would not have moved ahead as quickly. Her dedication to perfecting her craft and the publications that she allowed others to learn from were instrumental in the field of nursing anesthesia.Her training and showcasing taught others the importance of anesthesia and its application. Certified Registered Nurse Ane sthetists of today can practice their skills with confidence because of the importance Alice McGaw placed on knowing and perfecting the specialty of anesthesia. She was one of the most important forerunners in her field and her legacy continues to evolve with advancements and achievements based on her work. References 1. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (2006) History of Nurse Anesthesia Practice Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http://www. aana. com/aboutaana. aspx? ucNavMenu_TSMenuTargetID=173&ucNavMenu_2. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (2006) A Brief Timeline of Nurse Anesthesia Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http://www. aana. com/archives/timeline. asp 3. Bankert, M. Watchful Care: A History of America’s Nurse Anesthetists. New York: Continuum 1989 4. Evans, T. CRNA, MS What is a CRNA? (1998) http://www. anesthesia-nursing. org/wina. html 5. Michigan Association of Nurse Anesthetists (2006) History of Nurse Anesthesia Practice Retrieved November 30 , 2006 from http://www. miana. org/history/history. html 6. Thatcher, V. History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1953

Love and Freedom Essay - 3686 Words

Love and Freedom What is love? Is it something we do or something we can know? Some classify love as something that you feel for some people sometimes. It is often linked or used interchangeably with lust. Others feel that it is something that is constant and untouched by judgement and feeling. The only common denominator for love is that it is something that is desirable; it is something that we want. So what do people want? Many philosophies pose answers; but those answers frequently lead to more questions. Examining Sartre’s idea of love from Being and Nothingness, we find a love that is an action in the form of a project. The goal of the project is to attain a totality of being through the use of another. This differs†¦show more content†¦As consciousness considers all other objects and existence, it realizes that none of it needs to exist. The consciousness may find these objects to exist elsewhere or not at all. This realization is the nihilation of these objects and other forms of existence as they pertain to the conscious for-itself. A strange consequence of this phenomenon is the separation of the conscious present for-itself from its own past being or future being through a barrier of nothingness. Sartre gives many reasons for this. First, the self which the consciousness will be, or has been is not what the consciousness is at present. This issue is a time related one. Second, Sartre says that what the consciousness is does not provide the â€Å"foundation† of what the consciousness will be. The consciousness could be related to the present self but, in fact, freedom allows that it could be anything. Therefore, no relation is implicit. Sartre’s last reason seems to reiterate the concept that is already given: the present consciousness does not have a determining factor in the future self. The future self is a constantly renewing consciousness that freedom wills. All of this is most concisely put when Sartre says, â€Å"I am the self which I will be, in the mode of not being it.†[2] As distance is created, the present self realizes its alienation from its past and its future self. This is the â€Å"nihilatingShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Freedom For Love? Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Freedom to Love? Some would say that freedom to love is, having no limitations or boundaries. To see everyone equally. Many would say that freedom to love is, to give ones life for another. I agree with both statements but I would go further to say that freedom to love is not only an act or a response but it is a lifestyle. Something that defines you. Something that make you, who you are. As proud Americans, this month we celebrate the freedom that we have in this country and theRead MoreFreedom to Love Essays1088 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment dictating what two people can or cannot do when nobody is hurt in the process? 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